this post was submitted on 18 Sep 2024
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Linus Torvalds Speaks on the the divide between Rust and C Linux developers an the future Linux. Will things like fragmentation among the open source community hurt the Linux Kernel? We'll listen to the Creator of Linux.

For the full key note, checkout: Keynote: Linus Torvalds in Conversation with Dirk Hohndel

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[–] [email protected] 329 points 18 hours ago (13 children)

I took notes for the benefit of anyone who doesn't like their info in video form. My attempt to summarize what Linus says:

He enjoys the arguments, it's nice that Rust has livened up the discussion. It shows that people care.

It's more contentious than it should be sometimes with religious overtones reminiscent of vi versus emacs. Some like it, some don't, and that's okay.

Too early to see if Rust in the kernel ultimately fails or succeeds, that will take time, but he's optimistic about it.

The kernel is not normal C. They use tools that enforce rules that are not part of the language, including memory safety infrastructure. This has been incrementally added over a long time, which is what allowed people to do it without the kind of outcry that the Rust efforts produce by trying to change things more quickly.

There aren't many languages that can deal with system issues, so unless you want to use assembler it's going to be C, C-like, or Rust. So probably there will be some systems other than Linux that do use Rust.

If you make your own he's looking forward to seeing it.

[–] [email protected] 2 points 1 hour ago

vi versus emacs

You write "vi versus the world" funny.

[–] [email protected] 30 points 7 hours ago

I took notes for the benefit of anyone who doesn’t like their info in video form.

I love you.

[–] [email protected] 1 points 3 hours ago

So probably there will be some systems other than Linux that do use Rust.

Isn't there Redox OS?

Edit: yes, it's still alive and kicking.

[–] [email protected] 13 points 8 hours ago

Doing the lord's work, thank you.

[–] [email protected] 14 points 11 hours ago (2 children)

On a tangential note, what does Linus used, Vi or Emacs?

[–] AusatKeyboardPremi 11 points 9 hours ago (1 children)

He uses a version of Emacs called MicroEmacs.

I recall seeing his MicroEmacs configuration a while back when I was exploring options to start using Emacs.

[–] [email protected] 2 points 1 hour ago

MicroEmacs

In testing, to settle a bet by a rabid cult-of-vi peer, I opened a given set of files in each editor, each a day apart because I couldn't be arsed to clear caches. This guy, otherwise a prince, was railing about emacs, but otherwise suffered days of waiting.

10/10 the memory usage by his precious vi was same-or-more than emacs.

There's so many shared libs pulled in by the shell that all the fuddy doomsaying about bloat is now just noise.

I avoid vi because even in 1992 it was crusty and wrong-headed. 30 years on the hard-headed cult and the app haven't changed.

I don't see how microEmacs can improve on what we have by default, and I worry that the more niche the product is the harder it will be to find answers online. But I'm willing to be swayed if anyone can pitch its virtues.

[–] [email protected] 3 points 11 hours ago

my money is on vi or vi derivates.

[–] [email protected] 47 points 17 hours ago

This is a great summary. Thanks!

[–] solrize 36 points 17 hours ago (4 children)

C, C-like, or Rust

As always, Ada gets no respect.

[–] [email protected] 1 points 34 minutes ago

Have you actually ever used Ada? It's like programming with handcuffs on.

[–] [email protected] 1 points 1 hour ago

Nor does Forth (which used to be a common choice for "first thing to bootstrap on this new chip architecture we have no real OS for yet"). Alas, they're just not popular languages these days.

[–] [email protected] 15 points 16 hours ago (3 children)

Start the linuxa or alinux project and off you trot. Find a better name than I did here and you'll be fine.

[–] [email protected] 3 points 3 hours ago
[–] [email protected] 4 points 10 hours ago

Anixa for the win

[–] [email protected] 7 points 13 hours ago (1 children)

Ladux? Linda? +Linux, pronounced "Add a Linux" -> Ada Linux? LinLace?

[–] Archer 6 points 7 hours ago (1 children)
[–] [email protected] 2 points 2 hours ago* (last edited 2 hours ago)

Images of smoking Eastern European jalopy intensifies.

[–] I_Miss_Daniel 3 points 17 hours ago* (last edited 17 hours ago)
[–] [email protected] 17 points 15 hours ago

Thank you for the summary!

[–] [email protected] 24 points 17 hours ago

So probably there will be some systems other than Linux that do use Rust

There's one called Redox that is entirely written in Rust. Still in fairly early stages, though. https://www.redox-os.org/

[–] m4m4m4m4 17 points 16 hours ago (3 children)

If you make your own he's looking forward to seeing it.

Not a programmer whatsoever but I've heard about Zig and people comparing it to Rust, what's the deal with it?

[–] [email protected] 27 points 15 hours ago* (last edited 15 hours ago)

Zig is indeed designed specifically for such tasks as system programming and interoperability with C code. However it is not yet ready for production usage as necessary infrastructure is not yet done and each new version introduces breaking changes. Developers recomend waiting version 1.0 before using it in any serious project.

[–] PushButton 18 points 15 hours ago (3 children)

Zig is "c", but modern and safe.

The big selling points compared to Rust are:

  • A better syntax
  • No hidden control flow
  • No hidden memory allocation
  • Really great interop with C (it's almost as if you just include the C code as you would in a C code base...)
  • Fast compile time
  • it's more readable
  • it's simpler to learn

The syntax is really close to the C language; any C programmer can pick up Zig really fast.

IMO Zig is a far better choice to go in the kernel than Rust.

Linux has tried to include CPP in it, and it failed.

So imagine if trying to fit in a C-like cousin failed, how far they are to fit an alien language like Rust...

For more information: https://ziglang.org/learn/why_zig_rust_d_cpp/

[–] teolan 1 points 1 hour ago

Zig is a very new and immature language. It won't be kernel-ready for at l'East another 10 years.

a better syntax

That's pretty suggestive. Rust syntax is pretty good. Postfix try is just better for example.

Zig also uses special syntax for things like error and nullability instead of having them just be enums, making the language more complex and less flexible for no benefit.

Syntax is also not everything. Rust has extremely good error messages. Going through Zig's learning documentation, half the error messages are unreadable because I have to scroll to see the actual error and data because it's on the same line as the absolute path as the file were the error comes from

No hidden memory allocation

That's a library design question, not a language question. Rust for Linux uses its own data collections that don't perform hidden memory allocations instead of the ones from the standard library.

it's more readable

I don't know, Rust is one of the most readablelangueage for me.

Fast compile time

Is it still the case once you have a very large project and make use of comptime?

it's simpler to learn

Not true. Because it doesn't have the guardrails that rust has, you must build a mental model of where the guardrails should be so you don't make mistakes. Arguably this is something that C maintainers already know how to do, but it's also not something they do flawlessly from just looking at the bugs that regularly need to be fixed.

Being able to write code faster does not equate being able to write correct code faster.

Really great interop with C

Yes, because it's basically C with some syntax sugar. Rust is a Generational change.

[–] Giooschi 9 points 8 hours ago (1 children)

Zig is "c", but modern and safe.

Zig is safer than C, but not on a level that is comparable to Rust, so it lacks its biggest selling point. Unfortunately just being a more modern language is not enough to sell it.

So imagine if trying to fit in a C-like cousin failed

C++ was not added to Linux because Linus Torvalds thought it was an horrible language, not because it was not possible to integrate in the kernel.

[–] [email protected] 3 points 5 hours ago* (last edited 2 hours ago) (1 children)

Zig has other selling points, that are arguably more suitable for system programming. Rust's obsession with safety (which is still not absolute even in rust) is not the only thing to consider.

[–] teolan 1 points 1 hour ago

It is absolue in safe Rust, aka 99% of Rust code.

[–] [email protected] 1 points 10 hours ago

Linux has tried to include CPP in it, and it failed.

So imagine if trying to fit in a C-like cousin failed, how far they are to fit an alien language like Rust...

But that wasn't about the syntax, but about the fastnesses, size and control, want it? Things that shouldn't be much of an issue to Rust.

[–] [email protected] 11 points 16 hours ago

Zig is feasible for systems programming and some, (most notably, the Primeagen in one video) claim it should have gone into the kernel instead of Rust, but I don't know Zig so I don't feel qualified to comment beyond that.

[–] [email protected] 2 points 12 hours ago
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[–] [email protected] 37 points 18 hours ago (3 children)

I don't want to watch a video about it.

I'd like to know it, but a couple of sentences wouldn't have hurt

[–] [email protected] 22 points 17 hours ago (1 children)

FWIW, it's a 9 min video and doesn't contain anything earth shattering or easily summarized. Basically there is some friction between C and Rust devs, and Linus doesn't think that it's such a bad thing (there has be interesting discussion) and it's way too early to call Rust in the kernel a failure.

[–] [email protected] 1 points 12 hours ago (1 children)
[–] [email protected] 1 points 8 hours ago

This summary seemed pretty good though.

[–] [email protected] 15 points 18 hours ago (1 children)

Rust is harder to write but infinitely safer, and equivalent in speed.

[–] [email protected] 14 points 17 hours ago (6 children)

It's harder to write because it forces you to be careful.

[–] [email protected] 3 points 8 hours ago

C is easier to get a program to compile. Rust is easier to get a program working correctly.

[–] [email protected] 2 points 10 hours ago

And because it looks like C, JavaScript, Bash and a few others all mixed up together.

I've heard Rust described as “Rust is what you get when you put all the good features of other programming languages together. You can't read it, but it's freaking fast!”

[–] [email protected] 13 points 17 hours ago (1 children)

It forces you to be careful in the way it wants you to be careful. Which is fine, but it makes it a strange beastie for anyone not used to it.

[–] [email protected] 6 points 16 hours ago (2 children)

Yes

But the trade off is well worth it.

[–] [email protected] 3 points 13 hours ago (1 children)

It can be, sure. I prefer garbage collectors but I'm not doing systems programming.

[–] [email protected] 7 points 12 hours ago* (last edited 12 hours ago) (1 children)

I feel like a garbage collector would be too much a performance hit for kernel stuff.

[–] InverseParallax 2 points 7 hours ago

2 things:

  1. It's more the determinacy, a GC randomly fires up and your systems stops for some long amount of time. There are pauseless GCs but that's a different nightmare.

  2. The kernel has things similar to GCs. They're used for more specialized tasks, and some (like rcu) are absolute nightmares that have take decades to get working.

[–] [email protected] 4 points 16 hours ago (1 children)
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[–] SparrowRanjitScaur 0 points 8 hours ago

YouTube has a transcribe feature you could use. Or you could keep scrolling if this content isn't relevant to you.

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