this post was submitted on 13 Jan 2025
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A bit late to the party, but I've had my eyes on two projects that would fulfill this criteria -- at least in the software routing level rather than the physical level.
GNUnet is built by the GNU project. It attempts to decentralize the internet by building an entirely new communication stack that essentially creates a decentralized DNS. Their goal is to make connections private and secure connections between nodes, but not necessarily anonymous.
Personally I don't embrace any projects that use cryptocurrency as their backend. Such as ZeroNet, Handshake, and the like. A networking protocol shouldn't use money as foundation.
Freenet uses existing web technologies to be interoperable yet decentralized with the current web stack. It utilizes WebAssembly to create decentralized programs and uses WebSockets for interpretability with existing web technology. It also uses "Small World" routing which they have tested to be the most effective form of peer discovery and communication in a decentralized environment. Their goal is to make an efficient decentralized network. They're leaving the privacy, security, and anonymity to other developers that want to build on top of Freenet.
Both are open source. My money is on Freenet. GNUnet seems to be trying to replace too much too soon -- big if true. Freenet understands the value of efficiency and interoperability first.
Beaker Browser lets you make sites and have people connect to it via P2P https://beakerbrowser.com/ ; it uses the Hypercore protocol - In a way, it's an "easier to get into" attempt, since the browser doubles as a "server"
There's also I2P that works in a similar manner to Freenet and has much greater focus on privacy
There's another project I know of called MaidSafe.
They're trying to create a decentralized and autonomous mesh Internet (Hardware and all). The biggest challenge of making that work is ensuring there are enough data links, bandwidth and storage space available for the network to operate. And to make that happen, at the end of the day all that hardware, bandwidth and resources need to be paid for. So it also has an internal cryptocurrency to keep track of who is supplying these resources. You can earn this currency by providing storage and connectivity, and you'll need to spend it to use bandwidth and storage. You can use your own idle PCs to earn this currency throughout the day, but if you don't want to do that, you can also just buy some at it's market value to use the network. (Those people using the network without hosting servers are what will give the currency any value, and how the people providing lots of resources will get paid).
I'm not a fan of essential protocols built on the foundations of cryptocurrency. Using a cryptocurrency simply adds another layer of complexity to onboarding. Along with that, because it's inherently tied to financial value, there will generally be a decently centralized component unless handled delicately.
I'm more leaning towards a protocol free to use without any need for onboarding. If Tor, I2P, Freenet, and the like were to be built on cryptocurrency, I certainly believe a lot less people would use it.
Don't get me wrong. I think crypto is great for its purpose of being an immutable global currency. But when it comes to trying to innovate existing infrastructure, it tends to be lackluster. Most infamously are NFT stunts that corporate entities do such as NFT Fantasy Football, and more niche things such as UnstoppableDomains' NFT domain name. Even Filecoin and Siacoin aim to do the same thing, but really, cloud storage is cheaper and faster than those cryptos.
Well, as I understand it, their goal is to make something totally decentralized. That is after all, one of the primary features of good crypto currencies.
And the thing is, they're trying to build actual physical infrastructure here, people running computers and routers, and they're all using energy at someone's expense. Given those expenses, money will have to be involved at some point if it's ever going to work, there's really not much way around it. So if you want this decentralized, with nobody controlling things, I really can't see any way of doing it without a cryptocurrency.
And yeah, NFTs are garbage, no argument there. For every good use for crypto, there are a thousand truly stupid ideas.