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Placebo group for stage 3 cancer? How does it work? Is not it unethical?
While I don't know the case for this specific study, but you're assuming the vaccine is safe and works.
Generally though if it is shown to help they'll get it asap
The placebo group will not be getting the vaccine.
Edit: The people not in Stage 4, may well get the advanced treatment.
Exactly, and I thought there are alternative treatments in case of melanoma. Not giving those is clearly unethical. Stage 4 melanoma 5 year survival rates are not that bad, and clearly more than zero with treatment.
You are right about the survival rates.
The paper is short, but a number of the patients had prior immunotherapy treatments (not all, and the rates are broken out by treatment, not by cancer stage.) The paper also does not seem to include the 0% survival rate for the Stage IV placebo group. (Or I missed it.)
I am making up things, but it is possible that other treatments had already failed and this was a "hail marry" for the Stage IV people.