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we don't usually evaluate someone's fertility as part of their gender
Gender being a social construct makes defining it very wonky. This question the right is always asking to ''define what a woman is'' is really easy to fuck up. Is it chromozones? There is FAR more than two chromosomal makeups, in advanced lab classes that learn to test for chromosomal makeup, students are forbidden to test themselves, any classmate, and any family, because it's almost certain that one of those people will not be XX or XY, it's not that uncommon. So chromosomal sexing necessitates more than one gender, or rather fluid gender identity. It's it the sex organs? Oh no, you won't like this one, is it functioning sex organs or just any? What do we do with intersex people? They can't fit into one category by definition, then there's men who have kids, who think of themselves as men, who find out they have a uterus! And its mentrating! What to do what to do. There's a lot of men with half testicle half ovary sex organs, are they men? Well not if we go by sex organs now you need a bigger section of category because sex organs don't fit into two columns, it's far more complicated. So what do we do! general anatomy? Modern human biologists have a lot of data saying there's such a thing as a male typical brain, and a female typical brain, how fun! Maybe that will work, sure, but now you have to accept there literally are women trapped in male bodies and vis versa. So again, you need to be fluid with your gender definitions.
Every single metric biological data can provide all point to the same truth, there are not two simple columns where humans can be neatly placed that won't cause a lot of people to be miserable, misunderstood, or maligned for not fitting either concept.
Basic biology is clear. We are a VERY complicated species.
So let's just look at anthropology. Did any human civilizations NOT have two genders? Yeah A LOT of them. And even today we have examples. Anciently, Hebrews had 9 genders I think? Jesus mentions 5 genders. He dosen't seem to have any problem with them existing either. Well.. it looks like we're not the first people to find out that binary gender isn't the only option.