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We have economic and environmental models for that.
In economics these extra effects are called externalities because the price we pay for a good doesn't reflect the true cost to society that other people have to pay due to the production of that good (healthcare, disaster insurance and management, etc.)
Here's one report that lists methodologies of calculating true costs of pollution
Another method is assign an equivalent monetary value to what averting one death would cost, so if pollution, floods are killing X people then the monetary costs to human life are that which can be levied collectively on to oil firms.
This paper tries to calculate the global costs of extreme weather that are attributable to climate change. This is what you were asking for.
Just split up this unpaid cost to the state caused by fossil fuel firms by their annual global revenue on emissions causing products.