What's your point?
How is Northeast Africa more important than Central? Could you please elaborate without being racist?
Wars are not "happening". One group of people attack another group of people, and another group of people have to defend themselves. In order to "stop war" you're saying that another group of people should just die without fighting back.
Safety island in a middle of high speed avenue, beg buttons and flowers in a memory of the previous victim.
In social science, Value is simply what individuals or societies consider "good". There's an entire field of philosophy studying values, called Axiology. Why study values? Because they affect our behavior.
In the picture above, you can see the results of the latest World Values Survey, which is conducted every 5 years by an international organization founded by Ronald Inglehart back in 1981. Each country on this map is a point in a two-dimensional space, where the vertical axis represents traditional vs secular values, and the horizontal axis represents survival vs self-expression, sometimes referred to as safety vs freedom.
Here's an explanation of these terms from the original website:
Traditional values emphasize the importance of religion, parent-child ties, deference to authority, and traditional family values. People who embrace these values also reject divorce, abortion, euthanasia, and suicide. These societies have high levels of national pride and a nationalistic outlook.
Secular-rational values have the opposite preferences to the traditional values. These societies place less emphasis on religion, traditional family values, and authority. Divorce, abortion, euthanasia, and suicide are seen as relatively acceptable. (Suicide is not necessarily more common.)
Survival values place emphasis on economic and physical security. It is linked with a relatively ethnocentric outlook and low levels of trust and tolerance.
Self-expression values give high priority to environmental protection, growing tolerance of foreigners, gays and lesbians, gender equality, and rising demands for participation in decision-making in economic and political life.
NB: If, after reading these explanations, you conclude that traditional is bad and secular is good, this is only because your personal values appear to be at the secular end. In reality, this is way more complicated.
In traditional societies, people recognize themselves as a part of the community more than as individuals. As a result, they trust each other and don't trust institutions. For example, if you need to borrow some amount of money, it would be easier to ask your friends and relatives than to go to a bank for a loan.
In secular societies, it's the other way around. People feel more competitive and trust each other less. Community support there is replaced by institutions.
The understanding of Socialism varies so widely among different people, that I genuinely struggled with this post. There are numerous political and economic theories, philosophies, and movements that encompass this term. Here are just a few examples
- Religious socialism
- Authoritarian socialism
- Democratic socialism
- Liberal socialism
- Libertarian socialism
The only common element across all these systems is the idea of social ownership of the means of production. Some of the theories reject private property entirely, while others support a mixed economy.
The differences between types of socialism can be illustrated with modern-day Venezuela and Norway. Both countries are quite socialist, characterized by high taxes, free healthcare, and abundant oil resources. However, life in these countries is very different.
Today, nearly every European country has a socialist party in parliament. Most of them represent social democracy ideology.
This book describes six years of observations on a colony of chimpanzees living in an outdoor enclosure at the Arnhem Zoo in the Netherlands, conducted by Dutch primatologist Frans de Waal and his graduate students. The story of an aging patriarch and younger pretenders undermining his power. Violence and peace, sex and status, like the early seasons of "Game of Thrones", but documentary.
For all politicians this book is a "must-read".
Book: Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes by Frans de Waal
The Legal Equality is the idea that all people shall be equal before the law.
Most of the countries, though, implemented this idea in a Rule of Law form, which states that all citizens, or members of society, should have equal rights. So technically it allows some individuals to be excluded from the definition of "members of society," leading to the deprivation of their basic human rights.
This loophole has been widely exploited by various governments to enact oppressive laws targeting specific groups of people. Perhaps the most notorious example is Nazi Germany and its anti-Jewish legislation.
During the Nuremberg trials the defendants argued that they didn't commit any crimes, because they followed the German law at the time. To oppose that argument, the court used Radbruch formula, created by German law professor Gustav Radbruch. According to this formula, if a law "deliberately disregards" human equality before the law, it must not be followed.
Today, the Radbruch formula is embedded into most civil law systems worldwide, making it illegal to dehumanize people and evade accountability. It's worth noting that the legal systems of the USA and Canada operate differently, and I couldn't find any mentions of the formula in those jurisdictions.
Communism is known as another totalitarian ideology, but its roots lie in early Christianity with their idea of the second coming and establishing the eternal Kingdom of God.
After the discovery of the New World, the idea got a new life in the form of an imaginary island called Utopia with no private property, no locks on houses, identical clothing, and everyone having two slaves.
With the Industrial Revolution, communism appeared as a reaction to the visible inequality between workers and business owners. This inequality had existed for centuries, but before urbanization, it was not visible to the peasants.
As you can see, the famous ten points of marxism along with abolition of private property strongly suggest the centralization of power, which might contradict with some other communist concepts, such as disappearance of the State
- Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes.
- A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
- Abolition of all right of inheritance.
- Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
- Centralisation of credit in the hands of the State, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly.
- Centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State.
- Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.
- Equal liability of all to labour. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.
- Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country, by a more equable distribution of the population over the country.
- Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children’s factory labour in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production.
Another common feature of Communism and Utopia is opposition to urbanism. According to these ideas, people should not live in cities but in small agricultural communities, basically suburbs.
People tend to use this word as a synonym to "everything bad", but it's not its actual meaning. Fascism is a one of totalitarian ideologies, that has racism in its core. We'll have a separate post for racism, but its idea revolves around the natural superiority of one race over all "others," leading to the belief that all "others" should either be eliminated or enslaved.
Natural superiority means it comes from nature, so once being born you can do abolutely nothing to change it.
Paradoxically, fascism did not originate from uneducated savages, but rather from respectable and intelligent professors.
