dexchemist

It is also dirt cheap.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Augmentationin Overweight or Obese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Physiologic Study

This study was just published Feb 6. It is sponsored by Metrobiotech, a company co-founded by Dr. Sinclair, and used their patented form of NMN called MIB 626.

MIB-626 is a special crystalline form of NMN created to be more stable than the standard NMN that was used back in 2016, but has little or no advantage over NMN now available on the market.

30 overweight adults (over 45 years old) were given either 1,000 mg NMN or placebo twice daily for 28 days. Significant improvements were:

Lower LDL Cholesterol

Lower Total Cholesterol

Lower Diastolic Blood Pressure

Lower Weight

Over 200% increase in NAD+ levels

There was a trend towards lower Systolic Blood Pressure and increased strength, but did not reach statistical significance.

Certainly not as striking as Dr. Sinclair's research in mice, but not bad considering the short time frame and limited number of participants which make it harder to reach statistically significant findings.

It is yet another positive result for NMN in human studies. Some quotes from the study below:

a regimen of 1000 mg of MIB-626 twice daily was safe and efficacious

MIB-626 treatment was associated with a substantial increase in blood NAD level from baseline to days 14 and 28

Circulating NMN levels did not change significantly in either group, except transiently 2 hours after the dose on day 28

Body weight decreased in the participants randomized to the MIB-626 group and increased in those assigned to the placebo group; between-group difference in change in body weight was statistically significant

Serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and non-high–density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels decreased from baseline in the MIB-626 group

Diastolic blood pressure decreased from baseline in the MIB-626 group

Conclusions: MIB-626 administration in overweight or obese, middle-aged and older adults safely increased circulating NAD levels, and significantly reduced total LDL and non-HDL cholesterol, body weight, and diastolic blood pressure.

Renuebyscience for NMN info

credit: u/melljo2013

Very satisfying and effective combinations of what I'm going to call over-the-counter stimulants and energy supporting stacks can achieve a lot of the results of 'proper-stimulants', but contrary to a lot of online literature, can never match or replace them. The ones I listed (Theacrine, Zynamite, EnXtra, Primavie, GS15-4 and plain old caffeine) stand out personally. There are endless potential combinations but I will put an examplar stack here as a guide, note that this would be an elite stack and using just several of these will produce a good result. The below should provide very high levels of motivation, energy and focus for 6 hours

Zynamite 300mg, Theacrine 300mg, Caffeine 50mg, GS15-4 100mg, Alpha-GPC 300mg, CDP-Choline 150mg, ALCAR 1g, Magnesium (ATA-Mg is worth the money IMO but L-theronate is very good, I'm also very impressed with bio-optimisers blend of 7. Doses will vary but tend to the high to very high,. Rhodiola Rosea (preferably in 5-2 but 3-1 is fine) in 250-500mg. B-vitamin stack (again doses vary, worth adding in modified b-vitamins IMO, sulbutiamine, emoxypine, benfotiamine). NALT 500mg, DL-Phenylaline 250mg, L-Phenylaline 250mg, EnXtra 300mg, Primavie 200mg, L-Tryptophan 300mg, Trans-Reservatrol 250mg, NMN 500mg, L-theanine 400mg. I could go on, but this is a good example; some of these you might want to take twice or even three times, but you will have to do the research yourself I am afraid. I have referenced branded or patented ingredients here; I don't take a particular view on branded vs non-branded. Look at it case by case, in many cases (e.g Theacrine and CDP-Choline) you can get an identical product with the same effects at a lesser price. In other cases, e.g Zynamite and Primavie, the patented form offers genuine and worthwhile benefits.

I will address this in other posts, but since I have offered a stack I will quickly address it. Most of the time preformulated stacks are useless and a complete waste of money. For example, I came across this energy product from Motion Nutrition promising 12hr energy when the very well formulated and high dosed stack I just offered would, by my estimation, offer 6hrs of peak energy and a further 2-3 petering out. https://motionnutrition.com/products/power-up. Rip off! Qualia products are an exception, they are very well formulated but it is cheaper to copy their stacks–buy the ingredients in bulk and DIY–but I will talk about this another time.

The best approach is a long-term approach to your body's own energy and mitochondrial capacity, which I will briefly turn to in my First Priorities Section.

H) Phenibut and it's other forms. Phenibut stands alone in its effects and its medical-grade anti-anxiety potency. For writers or creatives it is a must. I will write a separate article because using phenibut properly is so powerful, hence it's inclusion on the list, but very difficult to achieve.

I) Practices - Most powerful practices with intelligence enhancing benefits are Dual-N-Back for fluid intelligence, and CWM and meditation for a variety of reasons.

2. Powerful Nootropics To Avoid.

A) Sunifram, Unifram and (Controversially) Nooept. I will be brief here, the 'frams' are exceedingly powerful to be sure, they are cheap and provide a good output-to-price ratio. I am sure some people respond very well to them, and I have from time to time caught that very valuable 'flow-state' these substances can provide. A lot of the time though I just don't see it; I feel uninformed about them, and tolerance is a huge problem as well as, again, the risk-output ratio. Its study by DARPA is a good indication to me. But IMO, with the frams, I just don't see it. Similarly for nooept, it is great value for money in terms of potential output. It clearly does have potent neurogenic effects across multiple pathways and it has the potential for good application in analytical, logical or otherwise cognitively rigid tasks. Most of the time though I just don't see it; it can have strange effects on personality, can dampen creativity and produces similarly strange effects on short-term memory. Complex working memory is, for me, a cornerstone of higher order intelligence, anything that jeopardises CWM should be approached with great caution.

B) PRL-8-53, IDRA-21, NSI-189, J147, Memantine, Kratom, Tianeptine, DMHA. I don't think there's anything there, I haven't seen many credible reports that there is. I grouped all these together because they all belong to a similar family of at times hyped nootropics with big promises that I have personally found to work very sporadically, or not at all. Or I fear they could be seriously damaging. (IDRA-21 just does not work; I seriously cannot make out any difference or see changes in any cognitive metric at all. It's as if it is pharmacologically inert). NSI-189 dosed low at maybe 20mg might have some promise, and I've seen hints of potentially great benefits, but the emotional and attentional side effects you encounter–especially when dosed at the standard 40mg/day–concern me given the behavioural reinforcement that neurogenics can establish. I am not completely writing these off, actually, I will write off IDRA-21. It is useless, but these are only for the psychonauts to explore, or those obsessed/fascinated with exploring nootropics.

C) Unstable or otherwise difficult to manufacture peptides. Although the peptides I am talking about here show potential, and in my experiences have been in the rarified league of Dihexa, the difficulty and complexity in producing the genuine article of these nootropics means you are very unlikely to be getting a reliable or accurate product. I have been able to get these in what I believe to be genuine form very few times and at great expense. With the demise of science.bio, the dubious status of cymnootropics, and in the EU Suaway, the creation of a truly professional and reputable nootropic industry still seems some way off. Hence, I advise against: Adamax, P21, HA-FGL and GSB-106 alongside any other very complex peptides.

3. Priorities. Although I have listed some very powerful individual nootropics, I will briefly discuss something I will write a seperate post about. The two foundational priorities you should IMO focus on first: Brain Structure and Health and Energy Production.

Brain Structure. This is a loose catch-all term for all the different aspects of brain physiology we can influence. Membrane fluidity, blood flow, neurogenesis etc. This is the core of all aspects of intelligence and long-term cognitive health, I won't look at it in depth, but a quick list of essentials per day might look like this:

DHA 600mg, Phosphatidylserine 300mg, Uridine 250mg, Bacopa Moneri 450mg, Gotu Kola 900mg, SAM-e 400mg, Vinpocetine 30mg, B-Vitamin stack

Energy. Well-functioning energy creation, in particular mitochondrial function, is increasingly seen as integral to all aspects of cognitive function. Very briefly you might consider:

PQQ 20mg, COQ10 100mg, R-ALA 100mg, ALCAR 1000mg, Creatine 5g, Methylene Blue, L-Carnosine, Reservatrol, Psterobilene, NMN, NADH, NAC or NACET.

credit: u/melljo2013

My focus here will be some of the most powerful nootropics that genuinely contribute to the different modalities of intelligence in the biggest way.

1. Most Powerful Nootropics For Broad Spectrum Intelligence Gains: Though there is no consensus, I will assume a schema of intelligence that takes fluid, crystal and procedural intelligence to represent the core modalities. Creating your own understanding of intelligence and what aspects of intelligence are most relevant to you is an essential first step. Even if it is a rough list of intelligence goals, it is very helpful and makes the nootropic journey far more streamlined

A) Dihexa. Bar none, and by a huge margin, the most effective and risky nootropic I have tried. Again, I stress the magnitude of this nootropic's effectiveness is huge, nothing comes close. The same is true of the risk of the compound. It is able to generate curiosity. The motivation and drive to learn more and think about ideas in a novel way–that is priceless. Its effects on fluid intelligence, creativity, learning, memory, social skills, motivation and perspicacity are incredible. It does leave lasting effects, but they decline somewhat over the medium term. The affective disposition of Dihexa is most intense during the initial two months. The experience of it is similar to microdosing alongside a huge stack of nootropics, but it is unique. It is expensive and increasingly difficult to find. I recommend application via transdermal DMSO, 15-30mg every 3-5 days for at most 5 weeks. Again, I stress that in my opinion this is the most risky nootropic in terms of potential complications down the line.

B) Nefiracetam. Most effective racetam by far. Broad spectrum effects via multiple bio-pathways. Enhances learning, creativity, motivation and alleviates low mood, specifically apathy and anxiety, very effectively. In particular, if you are trying to learn something new it is very effective and the mood stabilising effects are an under-appreciated component. It is very subtle and has to be taken repeatedly over a long time frame. It is unable to provide the 'feel' of phenylpiracetam which is so alluring, but in terms of broad-spectrum and long-term improvements to intelligence, it is the best racetam by far. It is, however, prohibitively expensive. I am not sure exactly why it is so expensive, but if you can afford it, I reccomend prioritising this one nootropic over a stack of ten cheaper ones. Take 150-300mg three times a day at least 5 days a week, with all the usual choline stacking and MCT oil.

C) Centrophenoxine, Sulbutiamine and Phenylpiracetam. Far better known than the first two, but still under-utlised. This is the most high impact 'short-term' stack, i.e what is going to give the greatest cognitive benefit over the next 4 hours. They don't need much explanation given their popularity. (Again typical Choline and MCT Stacking)

D) PAO, Pramiracetam, Aniracetam, Oxiracetam. Again, very well known but it really does work. Dose the aniracetam high and the pramiracetam and oxiracetam low, combine with low doses of centrophenoxine and sulbutiamine for even greater effects. (Again typical Choline and MCT Stacking). Coluracetam is highly effective for some as a substitute or even very low doses alongside pramiracetam. As for Fascoracetam, I have at times found it useful in dealing with anxiety. If you can find them, RGPU-95 and Methylphenylpiracetam take the racetam effect to a completely different level–but you won't find them. In general, Pramiracetam, Phenylpiracetam and Nefiracetam should be your priorities. Almost all racetams can be put to good use at something and their effects can be endlessly and fruitfully augmented, but stick to what I have said if you're time/cash poor. I do not particularly like Oxiracetam; its MTOR pathway can create strange effects. Racetams, for now, have to form a central part of any nootropic stack that claims to be amongst the best or credible in manifesting it's aims, but pay attention to what you can use consistently and what you can deploy rarely but deliberately. For every racetam other than aniracetam and nefiracetam, you should dose low, below the typical recommendations, but you can find sensible guidelines online. Racetams, probably more than anything else, deserve experimentation and personalisation. They are very adaptible and responsive in stacks. I maintain that other than RGPU-95 and Methylphenylpiracetam, which you most likely cannot acquire, nefiracetam offers the most comprehensive benefits along unique pathways. There is no reason to take plain old piracetam when we have more effective alternatives, don't do it.

E) Selank and Semax in the NASA form. Again very well known, but as I said, I am listing the (or some of) the most powerful nootropics for broad spectrum intelligence gains. Research is needed, but the combination works wonders across mood and emotive-related intelligence. Semax in the NASA form has a very appreciable stimulatory/motivation effect via multiple pathways and contributes to long-term brain health as well as the main cognitive goals I have listed. Selank manages anxiety/stress/adaptivity along multiple unique pathways and works synergistically with semax. Selank also offers strong cognitive benefits indirectly and directly through it's contribution to mood in addition to homeostatic and adaptive regulation of the nervous system. IMO there is a significant difference between NASA form and others, and I think for the dual short and long-term effects, NASA is actually very good value for money. Recommend 100mcg-300mcg (stay as low as is still productive for you) of both 1-3 times a day, depending on your response.

F) 9-mbc. Can be spoken of as similar to Dihexa. Motivational effects are unparalled (except for perhaps Dihexa itself). Contributes to long-term brain health and provides short term effect after first 2-3 days of use. Noted for tolerance reduction. In a similar vein to Dihexa, it nearly crosses the boundary from cognitive augmentation to actual personality changes. It is very useful for setting new habits. Very useful guides can be found on reddit. I have combined it with Dihexa; this is very risky, risk increases exponentially on combination, but it was incredibly effective. Probably deserves number one ranking in the motivational and ADHD type symptom management category, as well as a high place in analytical improvement. Recommend 7.5-15mg sublingual for at most 28 days.

G) N-Methyl-Cyclazadone (NMC). By far the most functional stimulant I have ever taken. Broad-spectrum effects, very high sense of motivation, energy and mood but never in a way that is comparable to adderall, ritalin, modafinil etc. The serotonergic component seems to be very important in creating the contented and productive state that is hugely ergogenic and just as potent as other stims in providing stamina without creating the speedy, jittery, robotic and cognitively limiting effects that adderall etc can create. It has a broader spectrum of effects than other stimulants, and instead of just generating 'drive' or 'energy' it offers perspectival and cognitive benefits as well, far beyond other stims. It is absolutely wonderful, 9hrs of studying and music becomes a joy. It does create very euphoric and enjoyable– and I can imagine habit-forming–effects somewhere between 25-35mg. This is obviously to be avoided, and these effects are absent at 20mg and below. I don't recommend pushing above 15mg, up to 20mg if you really need to, but 15mg potentiated by our favourite light nootropic stimulants (Theacrine, Zynamite, EnXtra, Primavie, GS15-4 and plain old caffeine) is preferable. This is also becoming very difficult to find, but it is the ultimate nootropic stimulant in my opinion.

F) FlModafinil is very nice in my opinion, offering a smoother and slightly broader range of effects than other afanils. I cannot recommend the likes of adrafinil, hydrafinil etc. I am sure there are good stacks that optimise these, and they are available and cheap, but it is absolutely worth having a true nootropic stimulant in your rotation–which I do not think the pro-drug afinils are. PPAP, Selegine, Deprenyl, RGPU-95 (which deserves a special mention as an incredible if hard to acess nootropic) are all in the same league as NMC, but are far more specialised and complicated to use.

credit u/Livid-Guava2779

(23M) I got diagnosed with ADHD at 18, but had suspicions for years prior to that as my GPA was 2.6 but my test scores were quite high.

I coasted through my teens, I’m now 23 and still don’t have a degree.

To give some examples of how bad my mental state was:

I constantly repeated myself needlessly in conversation.

I had major anxiety at the thought of doing the littlest amount of work.

I woke up and went to bed scared and sad about my past, present, and future.

I couldn’t focus on anything, I would be reading a book and go 3 pages before realizing I had no idea what I was reading. And when I decided to try again I would forget to focus from the start and read a whole paragraph, 8 times even.

I had little energy at all hours of the day even on 8-9 hours of sleep, even with exercise and a great diet.

I couldn’t make myself look people in the eyes, I had a constant feeling everyone knew my thoughts.

I would bite my lip, scratch my scalp, etc. out of anxiety and couldn’t make myself stop, it was completely automatic.

I couldn’t force myself to keep an open or upright posture, I just felt like the weight of the world was on me, beating down.

I would get nervous any time I spoke to someone and I would talk fast or mumble or trail off my speech, feeling guilty for wasting their time with my interaction.

I would let all of my problems build up until I had a near panic-attack before dealing with them.

My finances were a mess, I was lucky to have parents who supported me for so long.

TL;DR very high anxiety, ADD, and schizophrenic-like mindset about life.

Then I tried Magnesium. I tried Magnesium Glycinate from Doctor’s Best to be exact.

I’ve tried magnesium in the past with spotty results. But just recently I read that you need 6 mg per kg of bodyweight. For me that’s 460 mg. So I take 3 100 mg pills in the morning and maybe 1 at night if I feel like it. This was the switch flip.

I work as a substitute for 4th and 5th graders (who constantly yell in class for 7 hours of the day, luckily they all love me as their teacher, I’m long term). Since getting this job, as much as I found it fulfilling, I would get home at 2 pm and crash for 4 hours, wake up and eat then go to bed and do it all again the next morning at 6. I would close my eyes and see little ghost hands floating in front of me, and when in a quiet room I would hear little kid’s voices saying my name.

Now that I take magnesium I get home and feel at 80-90% until bed time. It’s changed my life.

credit:u/CHAD_J_THUNDERCOCK

credit: u/Maeng_da_00

To start with some background. I've been into nootropics for about 2-3 years now and have tried a good variety of compounds ranging from herbs to prescription drugs. I'm neurotypical as far as I know, male, and am currently finishing my third year of engineering school.

On top of these supplements, I also work out 5-6 days per week, try to sleep at a consistent time for ~7-8 hours per night and eat a clean diet avoiding added sugar and seed oils when possible. These actions have had more impact than almost any supplement or drug. Anyone looking into cognitive enhancement should start here before adding new compounds.

Anyways, here's the list, broken down into categories, and roughly scored out of ten. Some of these may not be legal in all areas. Check your local laws and don't purchase/consume anything that could put you in prison.

Vitamins/minerals:

Magnesium (9/10): biggest impact of any mineral I've taken. I was likely deficient in this as after starting it I noticed an almost immediate boost in sleep quality and started dreaming again after barely having any dreams for a few years. Also helped reduce muscle cramping and soreness.

Fish oil Omega 3 (6/10): I've heard this is healthy and everyone should take it, but to be honest I haven't noticed much personally from it. Whether it's the supplements not doing much, or the fact that I've already tried to cut Omega 6 fats out if my diet to have a balanced ratio of Omega 3-6 I don't know, but these didn't work as well as I've heard. I still take it due to the mountains if evidence supporting fish oil and the fact that I can get a years supply for $20.

Zinc (8/10): like magnesium this also had a noticable effect on my sleep quality and dreams but not as significant. I've heard it can boost testosterone, and I did notice a transient boost in libido when starting zinc, but haven't had much long term impact.

Vitamin D (9/10): I live in Canada so vitamin d deficiency is extremely common, especially in the winter. I've had seasonal depression since I was roughly ten, and after supplementing 5000IU/day 2 years ago, it's stopped completely. For that alone this supplement is worth taking, and more evidence about it's benefits keeps coming out, would highly recommend this.

B12 (4/10): didn't notice much from this despite it being recommend to me by some friends. I likely get more than enough B12 from my diet, so the supplement didn't do much. Take this if you're vegan, but no point if you're not.

Herbal supplements

L theanine (9/10): non-addictive anxiety relief and takes the anxious irritable edge off of every stimulant. I've been taking this daily for about 3 years now and it works as well as it did the first time. Good addition to any nootropic stack.

Caffeine/coffee (9.5/10): first "snart-drug" I've taken and still one of my favorites. I usually have 2 cups of coffee a day, one in the morning and one after lunch. Boosts energy and motivation while giving me a good morning ritual. Only problem is the addiction and tolerance issues, to remedy I try to take a week off caffeine every 2-4 months.

Lion's mane (5/10): felt a slight boost in cognition, but minimal compared to racetams. I also noticed a significant drop in libido while taking lion's mane which scared me off. Benefits weren't worth the side effects for me sadly.

Cordyceps (7/10): another mushroom and one that did work well for me. Slight boost to energy and a decent boost to stamina. I used this more as a workout than nootropic supplement, but it increased energy and drive for either task.

Saffron (7/10): yes the expensive spice. I'd make a tea with about 100mg of it and noticed a decent drop in anxiety and mood boost. Similar effects to theanine, but too pricy to use regularly.

Ashwaghanda (4/10): I've tried this multiple times and never noticed anything (good or bad) from it.

Kava-kava (6/10): feels more recreational than nootropic. Gave me a euphoric, disinhibited mental state for about 2 hours after consumption. More of a social drug like alcohol or cannabis than a nootropic.

Kratom (8/10): yes it is addictive and yes it is an opioid receptor agonist. Despite this, I've had significant benefits from Kratom, it helps me with anxiety and irritability better than anything natural and when used responsibly is safe to take. I limit myself to 2 grams 3 days a week at most, and frequently take weeks to months off.

Coca leaf (6/10): the plant cocaine is made from. A tea from these leaves provides a stimulating effect similar to a cup of coffee but only lasts 2 hours. Nice if you want to work later in the evening. Feels a little harder on my heart than caffeine and other similar stimulants, so I try not to use it often.

Synthetic supplements

Noopept (8/10): my favourite racetam. I typically take 2-4mg in a nasal spray and notice an immediate boost to energy, working memory and mental processing speed. Synergizes well with almost all other compounds (except LSD) and I've had little issues with tolerance.

Pramiracetam (2/10): tried this 3-4 times. Each time I had a headache, nausea and fatigue from consuming it. Don't know if it was a bad batch or my body doesn't like this, but I threw it out due to the awful effects.

Oxiracetam (6/10): another racetam, more subtle than noopept but similar effects. Taken orally and takes about 40-60 mins to feel it, so I prefer the instant effects of nasally administered noopept.

Phenylpiracetam (7/10): more of a stimulant than a racetam. Great preworkout, but only lasts about 3 hours so not ideal for work. Also expensive so I prefer to use the less pricy noopet.

L tyrosine (7/10): minimal effects on its own but helps a lot when I'm dealing with "dopamine depletion" after using stronger stimulants. 1g on an empty stomach seems to end the comedowns of harsher stimulants.

Ephedrine (8/10): stronger than caffeine and dirtier feeling as a stimulant. Amazing to work out on and good for work as well. Can make me angry if taken too often, but is very useful. Doesn't build tolerance as quickly as other stimulants.

Melatonin (5/10): helps me fall asleep when in a new location or changing sleep schedule. I try not to take it regularly due to becoming dependant on it in the last. Doesn't seem to boost sleep quality, just helps me fall asleep.

Drugs

Modafinil (10/10): my favourite nootropic. Wakefulness, increased motivation and increased confidence that lasts all day. Doesn't interrupt my sleep too much and doesn't have a harsh comedown like other stimulants.

Amphetamine (8/10): I've taken both Adderall and Vyvanse and decided to group them together due to similar experiences. Amphetamine gives me a forced motivation feeling and though highly euphoric doesn't produce the same quality or consostancy if output as modafinil. It's good for occasions I need a significant boost of energy, but I avoid taking it regularly due to concerns about addiction.

Methylphenidate (6/10): similar speediness to amphetamine, but a more robotic and emotionless feeling. Useful for work but changes my personality in a bad way while I'm on it.

MK-677 (7/10): a bodybuilding supplement used to boost growth hormone. Also the single best sleep aid I've take. Boosts quality of sleep and improves physical recovery while asleep. 6 hours of sleep on this feels like 8 normally. Several side effects though such as increased hunger, significant weight gain and in my case carpal tunnel syndrome.

LSD microdosing (7/10): gives a boost to energy and creativity all day, but also leaves me easily distracted. Hard to do work on this but work produced on LSD is of a higher quality. Significant mood boost as well, one of the best supplements when I'm feeling down.

N-methyl-cyclazodone (8.5/10): feels similar to Adderall but longer lasting. Not as manic as amphetamine and has lead to a better work output. Research chemical so unknown safety profile, and may be hepatotocix.

Phenibut (9/10): I have a love/hate relationship with Phenibut. I was very dependant on it 2 years ago when I had worse social anxiety. On Phenibut I felt normal and could socialize with anyone without getting caught in my head. I abused it for a few months, then didn't touch it for a year. Recently started using it again after dealing with my anxiety problems and can use it safely. Amazing compound, but has a risk of abuse, especially for autistic/socially anxious individuals.

Psilocybin microdose (8/10): a more relaxing/social microdose. Can't do work on this one but it helps massively to balance and boost my mood. One microdose and I feel notably happier while on it as well as for the subsequent days.

Mescaline microdose (9.5/10): the best psychedelic to microdose in my opinion. Similar to acid in length and feeling, but with a stimulating push that removes the potential to be distracted. Minor nausea on the comeup but otherwise a very clean body feeling. Lasts 14-16 hours, so dose early in the morning.

Nicotine (7/10): surprisingly useful nootropic drug. I use lozenges/gum to avoid the more addictive and dangerous consumption methods. Lasts about 1-2 hours and feels like a combination of noopept and caffeine. Avoid frequent use due to addictiveness, but useful for a quick boost.