my first guess is that when you use the C to A cable, your PC expects the hub to be the host device - but it's a slave one. I think with C to A cable, this is always the case, but correct me if I'm wrong, I'm just speculating.
If you plug the adapter into the C port on your computer, it knows it has to be the host, so the hub will be the slave.
It's pretty weird your hub has A as input on its own IMO. To make it work with C, I think you will need to have a device in-between that takes the host role - which in the previous setup was your adapter that made your PC the host. Or another USB-C hub.
Maybe some tricks with the wiring can help.