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Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).

Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.

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ELI5: What is an immutable OS, in practical terms? (feddit.de)

submitted 2 years ago* (last edited 2 years ago) by [email protected] to c/[email protected]

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I've heard of immutable OS's like Fedora Silverblue. As far as I understand it, this means that "system files" are read-only, and that this is more secure.

What I struggle to understand is, what does that mean in practical terms? How does installing packages or configuring software work, if system files can't be changed?

Another thing I don't really understand is what the benefits as an end user? What kinds of things can I do (or can be done by malware or someone else) to my Arch system that couldn't be done on an immutable system? I get that there's a security benefit just in that malware can't change system files -- but that is achieved by proper permission management on traditional systems too.

And I understand the benefit of something declarative like NixOS or Guix, which are also immutable. But a lot of OS's seem to be immutable but not purely declarative. I'm struggling to understand why that's useful.

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[–] [email protected] 4 points 2 years ago (1 children)

I guess what I am trying to figure out is -- how would the experience of using flatpak or other containerized software managers differ on an immutable system compared to a mutable one?

Or is the idea more that since you're containerizing, you can lock everything else for stability in a way that you couldn't before, because software installs needed to be installed in the system?

[–] [email protected] 5 points 2 years ago* (last edited 2 years ago)

Or is the idea more that since you're containerizing, you can lock everything else for stability in a way that you couldn't before, because software installs needed to be installed in the system?

It's this one. For example, with Silverblue, applications are all installed as flatpaks. The system level files are also made as read-only as possible, such that the base systems should look virtually identical across systems. You also get some like NixOS where most of the system setup is defined in a single config file. You can effectively copy your entire setup just by transplanting that one file on to a new system.