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[QUESTION] What are your favorite spices to use in soups?
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[email protected] - All things sous vide precision cooking.
[email protected] - Celebrating Korean cuisine!
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Local farmers often have a larger energy footprint. If they have to grow in a greenhouse with heat and artificial light as many northern climate must do you are lost. A semi-truck full of tomatoes is per tomato not using much energy despite long distances, while a farm truck with a few tomatoes in it from farm to market uses a lot more energy per tomato.
I don't know how to do a full life cycle analysis on this, but it is sorely needed.
There's is a LOT of "it depends" here. on both sides of the equation.
For shipping up from mexico (or wherever. California can be just as far,) isn't just a matter of a semi truck hauling it up. If the produce comes by rail (which it might,) that's pretty efficient. But, the caveat here is when you're shipping produce, you're also storing it.
It's usually refrigerated to reduce spoilage and other things. Then there's the packaging (all of which needs to be shipped, too. To the farm and the processing plants.) There's the question of how quickly it's brought to market, and how much time it spends bouncing around the country through distribution centers.
For greenhouses it depends on the technologies being used in the greenhouse. On one hand, greenhouses using natural gas to heat, using horribly inefficient incandescent or whatever lights... yeah. That's going to be awful.
but you can also have carbon neutral (or indeed, negative,) Greenhouses. (forexample). LED lighting at the optimal frequency, geothermal heat pumps... and then for comparison, my back-yard greenhouse has about three times the crop-size that a similar traditionally-planted plot would have- and I can easily take that up to five or six times, but it gets cramped to work in, which means you also need consider how productive that greenhouse is compared to how productive the open-field farm is.
The best you can do is look at individual farms and what their carbon footprint is, and then the footprint of their shipping infrastructure as well. But generally speaking, local growers are going to be lower carbon than international growers. even just storing those apples year-round (in a degree-above-freezing cooling houses) is ridiculously carbon-expensive
I would suggest, for anyone that wants "the best" and environmentally friendly, look for local crop sharing programs. Most of those farmers are environmentally conscious. (and community conscious,). and don't be shy asking for a tour or something. they can be a bit of a mystery-box experience, but usually they have their staple crops (right now it's apples and pumpkins/squashes).