There was another thread with a paywalled article, but here's the actual study that found that smart TVs use "automatic content recognition" to build an ad profile for you based on what's on your screen... including HDMI content streamed from a laptop, game console, etc. Yikes.
At a high level, ACR works by periodically
capturing the content displayed on a TV’s screen and matching
it against a content library to detect the content being viewed on
the TV. It is essentially a Shazam-like technology for audio/video
content on the smart TV [38]. ACR is implemented by all major smart TV manufacturers, including Samsung [9] and LG [55 ].
Our findings indicate that (1) ACR operates even
when it is used as a “dumb” display via HDMI; (2) opt-out mecha-
nisms stop ACR traffic; (3) ACR works differently in the UK as com-
pared to the US.
So it seems like you're opted-in by default, but you can stop ACR traffic by simply configuring six different options on Samsung, or eleven different options on LG.
Oh, and this doesn't seem to happen when you're using native streaming apps like Netflix or Disney+, because hey, they wouldn't want to infringe on those companies' rights by spying on them, right?
not sure about others, but my samsung can update from an usb drive.