Physics

Particle accelerators hold great potential for semiconductor applications, medical imaging and therapy, and research in materials, energy and medicine. But conventional accelerators require plenty of elbow room—kilometers—making them expensive and limiting their presence to a handful of national labs and universities.

Researchers from The University of Texas at Austin, several national laboratories, European universities and the Texas-based company TAU Systems Inc. have demonstrated a compact particle accelerator less than 20 meters long that produces an electron beam with an energy of 10 billion electron volts (10 GeV). There are only two other accelerators currently operating in the U.S. that can reach such high electron energies, but both are approximately 3 kilometers long.

TL;DR This is a drop of the solvent from pen ink dissolving into water and filmed at 1500fps, played back at 30fps, the field of view is 5-7mm ish.

Phenoxyethanol is the solvent in ball point pens that gives the ink it's distinct smell. It is just barely soluble in water and saturates at a very low concentration, it is more dense than water but small droplets will float unless the water is already saturated. It also has a significantly lower surface tension than water.

On first contact with water the droplet of phenoxyethanol spreads out and is supported on the surface. Soon after the edge of the droplet starts to split into dendrites that wave violently and send out extremely high speed ripples across the water. As the droplet shrinks and breaks up smaller arms form on the larger ones until the droplet wiggles itself into non-existence. What the hell is going on?

When the droplet first contacts the water it begins to dissolve and immediately saturates the area directly below the drop, at the edges of the drop the saturated solution is pulled away by the surface tension gradient around the drop. This gradient sets up a flow of unsaturated water up from below the drop and away, across the surface, both supporting the droplet and pulling it out wider and thinner. Tiny inconsistencies lead to the formation of of the dendrites, as the area between two arms becomes saturated they are pulled apart (and closer to other arms) leading to the rapid back and forth wiggling. This continues at all scales forming similar shapes on the scale of several mm down to fractions of a mm.

It took me weeks of messing around with the camera and reading about fluid dynamics to figure this out. I even spoke with a couple of fluid dynamics experts who both told me "hey, that's really weird, why does it do that?"

For a more detailed view I have a video here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npkv8gspVO0

Dias had another Nature paper retracted last year. Nature let him publish this one anyway. Who could possibly have predicted this outcome???