Programming

Check out plotly it's pretty nice and easy to get going

Given these criteria, ggplot2 wins by a landslide. The API, thanks to R's nonstandard evaluation feature, is crazy good compared to whatever is available in Python. Not having to use numpy/pandas as inputs is a bonus as well, somehow pandas managed to duplicate many bad features of R's data frame and introduce its own inconsistences, without providing many of the good features¹. Styling defaults are decent, definitely much better than matplotlib's, and it's much easier to consistently apply custom styling. Future of ggplot2 is defined by downstream libraries, ggplot2 is just the core of the ecosystem, which, at this point, is mature and stable. Matplotlib's activity is mostly because that lack of nonstandard evaluation makes it more cumbersome to implement flexible APIs, and so it just takes more work. Both have very minimal support for interactive and web, it's easier to just use shiny/dask to wrap them than to force them alone to do web/interactive stuff. Which, btw, again I'd say shiny » dask if nothing but for R's nonstandard evaluation feature.

Note though that learning proper R takes time, and if you don't know it yet, you will underestimate time necessary to get friendly. Nonstandard evaluation alone is so nonstandard that it gives headaches to people who'd otherwise be skilled programmers already. matplotlib would hugely win by flexibility, which you apparently don't need—but there's always that one tiny tweak you would wish to be able to do. Also, it's usually much easier to use the platform's default, whatever publishing platform you're going to use.

As for me, if I have choice, I'm picking ggplot2 as a default. So far it was good enough for significant majority of my academic and professional work.

¹ Admitably numpy was not designed for data analysis directly, and pandas has some nice features missing from R's data frames.

ggplot is absolutely the best in town, for a ton of reasons, if you are doing real viz and stats. Unfortunately is R only, which, as a hardcore programmer, you'd hate. (I honestly like it, but we are not many).

Go for plotly as others suggested

For the types of visualizations you're describing, the choice probably won't matter. I view matplotlib as "matlab flavor" and ggplot2 as "R flavor". For R-type work (a certain type of table-based stats) I just use R.

For matlab type work (image processing, simulations, etc) I now use matplotlib. This is mostly numpy/scipy things rather than... pandas things. Python is interesting because it has things that are beyond matplotlib (VTK, etc) and beyond matlab. Typically when you're prototyping in matlab you're assuming you will have to rewrite in a different system eventually, but with python you can move the prototype further down to more polished prototype easily.

I do a lot of image processing and am too familiar with matlab, so matplotlib generally came naturally for translating that prior knowledge. So really it depends on what sorts of things you are familiar with, languages you use, and would want to do in the future. I think with either choice you will eventually hit some wall of difficulty.

There are also more visualization and plot focused things (TeX family or PostScript and PDF) as well as the "processing" language.

I use R for... not-image-type analysis stats and generate plots in R using R's plotting. I mostly use python for matlab-type things and matplotlib seems more natural for that.

Julia is on my todo-list and I have heard good things about their plotting ecosystem but I have not looked into it.

Incidentally VTK is extremely well designed for the type of language it's based on and the problems its solving... but that's not really 2D plotting.

I went with ggplot2 some time ago, despite not using or knowing R at all. What pushed me in that direction was that I was using other plotting libraries (I don't recall which at the time), and there was some aspect of spacing between elements or some such that was making a particular plot look ever so slightly ugly in my eyes... and I couldn't fix it!

In my frustration, I consciously decided to set aside my version of your "reasonably designed" requirement (I find R consistently frustrating in this regard, though I know some people do all their programming in it and I salute them). I gave ggplot2 a try with a cargo culting approach: search for how to make the kind of plot you want to make, and just tweak that template. I was blown away. I could find recipes for everything I wanted to do, the results were instantly more attractive than what I had before, and I could tweak everything.

matplotlib is absolutely a reasonable option, but even years later I still have R environments attached to most projects specifically for data visualization, and still produce plots that are delightfully aesthetic. So here's one voice to say that ggplot2 has real merit, especially if your aim is specifically to produce visualizations rather than explore a programming ecosystem.

I suggest Plotly express (https://plotly.com/python/plotly-express/). Creating standard visualizations is easy (but you need to know Pandas) and definitely not ugly by default.

Maybe the only flaw is if you need specific customization, the only way to do is creating the object from scratch, using the primitive constructors.