Mastodon is microblogging. As others have said, it's similar to Twitter. Lemmy is a link aggregator with a comments/conversation section per link, like Slashdot, Digg or Reddit.
I think the thing that people forget to do with Mastodon is to follow hashtags. The feature wasn't there early on but it's been there for probably a year or more now. Then you block or mute the accounts you don't want to see that post under those tags.
It's a useful substitute for following accounts when you have no idea which accounts to follow. You can then curate and actually follow accounts whose content outside those hashtags also catches your eye.
On the link aggregators there are the groups which don't exist on Mastodon, but that's what hashtags are for, right? Marking the topic.
The only hard part about it for me is feeling bad about blocking innocent accounts.
Also worth mentioning is that Mbin instances exist, and that software is basically both Lemmy and Mastodon rolled into one site. The posts aren't fully integrated though. You have to click something to view the microblog side of things and click something to go back.