Science Fiction

The existence of these laws implies the existence of an institution to dictate and enforce them.

The place where these kinds of things fall apart, IMO, ultimately comes not from issues concerning the interactions of individual people, but from issues concerning the interactions of people with institutions.

Laws of Robotics by Asimov. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Daneel_Olivaw

I think because we don't use "first do no harm" as a first and higher-order law. It gets overridden by religion, vengeance, something might seem threatening or unfair more due to subjective perspective and then you're doing harm to defend something (unrightfully)...

And what's with situations where you can't avoid harm? And if you can never do harm, you also can't defend something against malicious actors?! I mean that might be alright in your scifi universe, but that's definitely not how our world works. We have malicious sentient beings around. And it's necessary to act against them.

Sentience is the ability to experience feelings and sensations. it's a pretty low bar. I think the word you are looking for is sapience.

What even does the second rule mean? Tit for tat, but also forgive (with a quantifier for how much forgiveness)? Sounds like an oxymoron to me.

So like the 10 commandments but for aliens?

I’m partial to TST’s Seven Tenets, and they work for “laws of sentience” in a sci-fi universe as well.