Would go with Fedora or Opensuse if you want to have something that just works. Try endevouros or Arch if you wanna thinker/play around with your os
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All of them would be fine, also what wireless card and does yours have a gpu. Iirc the 580 had an option for an mx150 so I wouldn't be surprised if the 480 had one.
Intel wireless cards are well supported, others not so much
Yes, the MX150 is an option for the ThinkPad T480. You can still use the integrated graphics though.
I have LMDE on my T580.
Not a popular idea but I've been using chrome os flex and it has been awesome.
I run PopOS on my T450s. Runs like a dream, but probably not considered 'lightweight .
Anything with either the Xfce or LXQt desktop environment would be good enough for you. I heard those are pretty lightweight.
LXDE is kinda nice too.
Anything in the fedora stable will work great (redhat literally gave out T480s to their devs) I recommend whatever ublue variant floats your boat., atomic updates baby. If you're smart you'll get some PTM7950 and never need to repaste.
I would put pop os on it
Slackware with it's Xfce session would be pretty good
If you got a Nvidia dGPU I recommend PopOS. It gave me the best energy options and ability to switch between iGPU and dGPU out of the box. It even found new firmware for my T480 and installed it without a hitch.
I daily a t480 with Manjaro and absolutely love it. It's real snappy and even the hybrid graphics work flawlessly.
Kubuntu works well on mine. A friend has Lubuntu on his.
Arch is you know how to use Arch. If lazy then something like Bhodi or Q4OS. I put the latter on a couple of friend's laptops who recently jumped from Windows. Since it is very Windows-like but it uses less than 400mb of RAM to run on a cold boot.
I'm a big fan of Debian stable for school / work laptops. Older packages aren't great, but if you aren't someone who needs the newest libreoffice version or something, it works fine. Updates will basically never break it apart from major releases (which you have a few years before you have to worry about, although you can upgrade sooner).
Ubuntu Budgie