Would something like this beer flavor wheel help?
Beer
I'm sure I already replied, but it's not showing in the app I posted from or on the web at either my home instance or the home instance of this community so at the risk of creating a double reply..
It might - but it's a bit overwhelming! There is a lot of assumed knowledge.. The wheel you linked to is tiny and I couldn't read any text. While looking for a larger one I found a bit of other interesting reading so I'll start there. Thanks.
I updated the link to a better version of the flavor wheel.
I took a sensory course that basically walks you through the bjcp guidelines and I find looking at those while drinking helps me figure out what I like and don't like. My friend who also took the course with me doesn't like certain hop varieties and so she's been taking note on each can she tries what type of hops they used (if available). It might not be about the production of the beer, but the ingredients that you don't like! Cheers!
As far as flavors, that's tricky, people will taste a variety from a beer.
You might also hear "dank", "green", "hop burn". This is what you might typically experience in fresh, hazy style IPAs or NEIPAs(New England IPA). When a new beer comes out, some people can experience a significant bitterness. That's the "burn". It's very possible that taste will mellow out with 10-14 days and the beer will more drinkable and tasty.