Python

divide by zero should be data as well

I disagree. You should be checking your input data so the divide by zero is impossible. An invalid input error is data and it can probably be recovered from, whereas a divide by zero is something your program should never do.

If having the error is expected behavior (e.g. records/files can not exist, user data can be invalid, external service is down, etc), it's data. If it's a surprise, it's an exception and should crash.

doesn't seem to improve usability

I'm proposing that the programmer chooses. The whole design ethos around Python is that it should look like pseudocode. Pseudocode generally ignores errors, but if it doesn't, it's reasonable to express it as either an exception or data.

Documenting functions with "throws" isn't something I'd do in pseudocode because enumerating the ways something can fail generally isn't interesting. However, knowing that a function call can fail is interesting, so I think error passing in the Rust way is an interesting, subtle way of doing that.

I'm not saying we should absolutely go with monadic error returns, I'm saying that if we change error handling, I'd prefer to go that route than Java's throws, because I think documenting exceptions encourages bad use of exceptions. The code I work on already has way too many try/except blocks, I'm concerned this would cement that practice.