Selfhosted
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You should actually be able to transfer and sell - that's handled at the tld.
Also, there's a lifetime to that cache, so if it's down long enough it'll become unreachable.
I've never really understood the whole TTL thing. Will the domain essentially point to nothing if the TTL runs out while the DNS server is down or will it default to older record?
EDIT: also, I was unaware that you could strait bypass domain registrars and deal directly with the TLD owners...
The record will expire and, in this scenario, effectively become non-existent.
Once upon a time TTLs we’re rather long so temporary outages were less impactive. These days TTLs of less than a minute are common to accommodate redundancy. It doesn’t do want good to have redundant systems if DNS keep pointing at the downed system during an outage.
If the TTL runs out and is unable to reach an authoritative NS, it will yield an error saying that it cannot resolve the domain. If the library catalog is down, you know the book you want is there, you just don't know the location.
I didn't intend to imply that you can deal directly with the TLD. You could, theoretically, but they typically don't have the organization to dream with individual registrants. That's the job of registrars, who interface through their own software that does calls to the TLD's APIs.
It will most likely point to nothing. DNS servers can have performance improvements of sending the stale data while fetching it from the main source in order to be quicker, even though this is technically not correct. But in many cases the associated IP will not have changed anyway.
It depends on the implementation and configuration of the resolver you're asking. RFC 8767 allows serving stale data, if the TTL has expired but new data cannot be fetched.