cross-posted from: https://lemmy.ml/post/16392398

Barn Owl Sounds & What Each Call Means

I've got another study on owl hearing for those of you who have enjoyed some of my past articles. This one looks at the ability of birds to regrow the tiny hairs responsible for mechanoelectrical transduction of soundwaves to nerve impulses and its contribution to preventing age related hearing loss.

cross-posted from: https://lemmy.world/post/16024126

This summary is of "Barn owls have ageless ears," by Bianca Krumm, Georg Klump, Christine Köppl, and Ulrike Langemann (2017). This is my best interpretation of their study and findings. I'm not a scientist, just a hobbyist, so feel free to browse the source provided and correct me if I've gotten anything incorrect.

Time for another look at another amazing bit of owl research!

In this paper, the researchers looked into owls as creatures with amazing hearing, to see how their hearing changes with age. I will go over some of their testing and findings to try to break down what they did and what was learned. As always, this is not my area of expertise, so if you do understand this well and are curious, please take a look at the full paper and fill me in on what I misunderstood.

The National Council on Aging says that 1/3 of people ages 65-74 and 1/2 of those 75 and older suffer from hearing loss. Mammals as a whole suffer from presbycusis, age related hearing loss due to changes in the inner ear structures. Birds, while having different, but functionally similar ear structures, do not seem to suffer from these effects.

Mammalian presbycusis is associated with progressive damage to the loss of hair cells inside the corti, an organ of the cochlea, the spiral shaped part of your inner ear. This is a very small structure, so I’ve included a picture of the cochlea, a picture of the tiny hairs we’ll be discussing, and a 3D printed cochlea to give a size perspective. I then also have a Barn Owl cochlea picture.

These tiny hairs are responsible for mechanoelectrical transduction of sound. That is a process that turns vibrational energy from sound waves into an electrical signal in the nerves of the cochlea which your brain can interpret as sound. Click this link for a brief article on mechanoelectrical transduction.

Humans and most mammals have partial regeneration of the hair cells of the inner ear, but they cannot replace these sound sensing hairs in the cochlea. Some other vertebrates, birds in particular, have been studied for some time as they can regenerate their basilar papillae, the structure in birds that serves the same purpose as the corti do in mammals.

Prior studies of the basilar papillae have shown amazing regenerative properties of the sensory hairs. Many species have been looked at showing a lack of age-related damage, and even in experiments where chemicals were applied directly to damage the hair cells experienced very quick recovery and growth of new hairs. As long as the hair growing cells themselves are not damaged, the hairs can grow back when damaged from age or by physical trauma.

Most hearing loss in mammals occurs at higher frequencies. Prior studies of their range of sounds they can hear had shown Barn Owls are able to hear sounds between 200 Hz – 12 kHz. The higher 12kHz is higher than most other birds can hear, so the Barn Owl became a great candidate species to study presbycusis. The Barn Owl’s has a specialized cochlea with one of the longest basilar papilla of any bird. Low frequency hearing appears to be similar to many other birds, but there were numerous differences to the inner ear to better process mid to high frequencies.

I was happy to learn we had names and backstories to our test subjects this time! They were all Common Barn Owls, Tyto alba, the most widespread owl in the world. The group of young owl, aged >2 years, consisted of Ugle, Sova, Grün, and Rot, and the old owls, aged 13 and 17, were Bart and Lisa, along with a third owl, Weiss. Most of them were hatched at German universities, but I’m thinking Bart and Lisa may have come from somewhere else, as I imagine this can only be a Simpsons reference as they were born in the 90s.

Experiments were conducted in two sound-deadened chambers. In the chambers, there was a starting perch and a target perch on the opposing side. A speaker was placed directly behind the target perch. There was a video camera to monitor the birds’ activity, and an automatic feeder near the target perch.

The owls were trained to sit on the starting perch facing the target. After a random time of 1-30 seconds, the owl was played a test signal over the speaker. Test frequencies of frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6.3, 8, 10, and 12 kHz were used. The owl knew a sound indicated a tasty snack was available and would fly over to get its reward. After the test signal was played, if the owl flew to the target immediately (within 5 or 10 seconds) it was taken as the owl had heard the auditory signal. In total, 99% of trials had a positive response occurring within 5 seconds upon hearing the test sound. “Catch trials” were done in 20-30% of all trials where no tone was played to ensure there was no movement to the target perch when no sound was played. If there were more than 20% false flights to the target perch, that trial was excluded from the results. Results were also excluded if the 2 loudest sounds did not receive strikes in 80% of the times they were played. I imagine this was to rule out the owl either being too eager to land at the “food perch” or if the owl was in a bad mood and didn’t want to fly to the target perch.

The results showed that neither age or physical damage to the hairs themselves much affected the regeneration process. The one owl, Weiss, was observed over a period of 21 years (at 2, 17, 23 years old) and only lost the smallest bit of hearing at the very high frequency range.

Both age ranges had the best hearing between 2 and 8 kHz. At 0.5, 1.0, and 6.3 kHZ the hearing ability of the older owls was slightly better than the younger group. At the other remaining frequencies, the younger group did better, but not by enough to be statistically significant.

The line for Konishi in the above graph are results obtained from a test in the 1970’s in Japan that was done to replicate the results of owls being able to hunt in total darkness using sound that I wrote about in the summary of Payne’s testing, which can be found here. Results were comparable, but that was only testing of a single owl, and it was a different species of Barn Owl than the ones in this experiment.

Here is the lifetime data for Weiss. Initial testing was done at 18-22 months old, when owl hearing finished developing. He was tasted again in these 2 rounds of experiments at ages 17 and 23. While there was some loss of very high frequency hearing over time, at the 12 kHZ range. The other frequencies showed slight deterioration, but only by a few decibels, so they interpreted that as a change in hearing more than actual deterioration.

The change was even less significant between ages 17-23, with some frequency responses seeming to have improved a tiny bit. As most wild Barn Owls do not live more than 3 or 4 years, this shows that over even an owl’s maximum expectant lifespan, there is no significant deterioration of hearing quality in a way that would negatively impact them.

Typical age-related hearing loss in mammals leads to a threshold (range of volumes and frequencies they can hear) increase of 20-40 decibels, while even over the course of a very long-lived owl’s life, the increase was only 4-10 decibels. While many owls die early, this shows it is not due to hearing degradation related issues. While the majority do not live longer than 3-4 years, it is not rare to find ones 10-20 years of age.

While younger owls were as a group more sensitive to sound that the old owls, it was by less than 3 decibels different in threshold. Overall statistical testing showed no significant difference in hearing ability between the two groups.

Other experiments over the years have shown pigeons, chickens, finches, budgies, European starlings, quails, and more have all been able to regrow hairs of the basilar papilla removed chemically in about 4-6 weeks with no significant loss in original hearing ability. Physical damage to the hairs by acoustic trauma (hitting them with high pressure sound waves to break them by vibration) yielded very similar regrowth and regaining of hearing to a remarkable degree.

The ability to regrow these hairs seems to be key to this amazing ability of birds as had been previously hypothesized due to testing on some of those other birds. Further study of this process will hopefully help us to find treatments to help us in the future to treat this widespread issue of humankind. While most of us will eventually suffer from some extent of hearing loss, it is something most birds will never have to deal with, no matter how long they live. Hopefully in the future, we will learn their secret and share in the joy of a long life full of vibrant sound.

African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana) are the world's largest living land-based animals, reaching a height between 10 and 13 feet (roughly 3 to 4 meters) and weighing between 4 to 7 tons. One in particular, Doma, is the most dominant male in his group. Yet he seems to have developed this superiority as much through charisma and kindness as from sheer girth. All the other elephants in his herd run to him at the first sign of trouble; during calmer times, they willingly present him with their rumps in a seeming sign of submission...

Via @jeffw

cross-posted from: https://lemmy.world/post/15757735

I was reading more about owl vocalizations and had a hard time making much of the actual research paper as I don't know much about statistics or acoustics. I think I got the jist of it, but this is probably more informative for you than it is for me, so I thought I'd share the post with you.

I'm sure things like this are being used in projects like BirdNET-Pi and in ongoing research.

Post based on: The assessment of biases in the acoustic discrimination of individuals Pavel Linhart (2017)

Owl live lives that are largely based on sound. This lets them have an almost omniscient view of the world around them. Being able to hear their world from a distance lets them stay in one location, allowing them to stay safely hidden while not having to fly around expending crucial energy to monitor their territories.

Pavel Linhart of the University of South Bohemia has studied many animal vocalizations to try and understand all the things they are able to communicate. Sound samples of animals are recorded, analyzed, and characteristics are removed with an algorithm to determine the contents of the animal’s message. These messages can contain body size, emotional states, and the identity of individuals among other things. Little Owls made a great species for Linhart to study. They live close together, do not migrate, and stay in a relatively small range, making them easy to work with.

The sounds are looked at by duration, frequency, and “colorations,” which seem to be small changes to basic calls. These differences can be analyzed and used to help determine both the number of individuals in a population, but also who those individuals are, with the goal being to allow individual monitoring through sound, basically being able to see the sounds of owl (or other animals) the way the owls themselves do; to know who is where and doing what.

One of the key takeaways from his research is that variations between individuals grow along with the density of the owl population. The conclusion drawn is there are benefits from having uniquely distinct sound signatures for individuals. Owls can communicate their presence to others and be identified as known owls, saving them the energy of investigating potential intruders to their territory. Owl calls do not change much over time, so even if they only encounter each other once a year for mating season, they can identify each other over great distance, year after year. There is also benefit to researchers, as it brings them closer to being able to use those same sounds to monitor individual animals using recorded sound.

To demonstrate some of the variations between individuals, Linhart has also published a Little Owl Match Game. There are 16 “cards,” each containing a recording of a Little Owl (and some simulated owls) for you to try to successfully match the calls as if you where the algorithm trying to match the sound to a known individual. You can play the game here.

In a related story, researcher Karla Bloem was studying Great Horned Owl calls when she met Baroque music specialist Marjon Savelsberg, who fell in love with the sounds of owl calls and became a virtual assistant volunteering to try to pick out individual owls by their vocalizations.

Her musical training made her very successful to pick out these individual variations between individual calls. She is now using her abilities to work with Eurasian Eagle Owls in her native Netherlands.

Savelsberg with a baby Eagle Owl

cross-posted from: https://lemmy.sdf.org/post/16469373