I'm relatively new and still figuring things out, but I believe what happens normally is that, when you make a post in a community, the "true" version of that post is on the instances where that community lives. If your account is on another instance, your instance gets a copy of that post, where you make your comment, and then the instances synch up, putting your comment on the "true" version, and whatever other comments people have made from other instances to the "true" version get posted to your instance's copy of it.
That post was on a community on Beehaw, which has a long list of instances it's defederated from. A user from one of those defederated instances might see the post, and even comment on it, but their comment won't get synched up to the "true" version, so it won't get copied to other instances.
I didn't analyze all the comments and where they're from, but my guess is that the above is the underlying issue.