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A port is a convenience wrapper for the application space. That's really it. The networking stack delivers messages to the host, and then the kernel uses ports to distribute messages from there. Otherwise every application would need to parse out every network (or local) payload to determine if it is relevant or not. This obviously ends up with a lot of duplicate processing, thus port routing instead.
You have servers that provide some kind of resource or service, and clients that use those resources or services (will just say resource from now on).
Servers provide that resource using a port so clients will come ask for it using that port.
Sometimes servers can do multiple things, so they will provide multiple resources...maybe a web server hosting a web page is also an email server that can receive and send email too. They do those things using different ports to distinguish the kind of request it's getting.
On the client side, clients use source ports to distinguish which app asked for a resource. Think of your browser having 20 tabs open, each has it's own source port so your computer never gets confused which page goes to which tab.
I'm skipping a lot of things (ports flipping for replies, well known, etc), but that's the basics.