MDMA is under investigation as an adjunct to psychotherapy for various anxiety-related conditions. Compelling results from six Phase 2 studies led the FDA to issue a Breakthrough Therapy designation for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 201716. In the Phase 2 trials, participants who were given active-dose MDMA (75โ125 mg) and psychotherapy experienced significantly greater reductions in PTSD symptoms when compared with participants given inactive placebo or low-dose MDMA (0โ40 mg)17,18,19,20,21. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy also reduced symptoms of depression and improved sleep quality. A study of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in autistic adults with social anxiety also found significantly greater improvement in Leibowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) Total scores in the MDMA group compared to the placebo group22.