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Assuming the new drive is an equal size or larger: Boot from a USB drive and use dd to clone the old drive to the new one. Then, remove the old drive and boot from the new one. You'll also need to resize the partitions on the new drive if it's larger.
Yeah, but... how. I'm a bit terrified of dd and have only really used it to make images of drives before...
I usually use
Take a reading of the drive health first with something like smartctl and if it has a lot of failing attributes, consider lowering the block size to something rather smaller like bs=512.
Edit: To elaborate, using the sync and noerror arguments will instruct dd to ignore errors and continue in the event of read failures, while allocating zeroes to the remainder of the block space. Which is also why smaller block sizes are better for potentially failing drives. The copy will take longer, but a single error won't take large swaths of data with it.
Hm, using a smaller block size does make sense, but I imagine that cloning an entire drive with 512 byte blocks is gonna take 10 million years. Especially this one, since the main reason I'm suspecting that it has started failing is because it's slowed down to the point where it drags down the entire system when even the smallest of loads hit it...
That's a bad sign. First off stop using it so that you don't make it worse. Next take a backup. I think dd automatically skips over bad blocks but I don't remember. Also, I would not go straight to another drive but instead go to a file.
I don't mean to freak you out but there is a chance you are going to lose data.
I already have all data I care about backed up, so even if I lose some, it's not a big deal
If you suspect a failing drive, you may want to consider using ddrescue as opposed to
dd. The tool is specifically designed to help with failing disks.