this post was submitted on 30 May 2024
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Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.
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Can somebody explain real time kernel as if I am a golden retriever ?
Who a good boy? You a good boy!
So, contrary to what it seems a single CPU core can only execute a single "thing" at a time. Modern operating systems do something called "preemptive multitasking" to give the illusion that more than one things are running at a time. The OS will start your task, then after a while save its state and start another task running, then switch back. It does this fast enough that each job seems to be running concurrently.
Now if you're running on a RaspberryPI your program might be waiting for input from a GPIO pin. And when you get that input you want to turn on some switch. Maybe an important switch. BUT It could be that your application is in the "paused" state when that pin gets input which will cause a delay between when the pin is trying to send you input and when you actually process it.
A real-time OS minimizes such delays (latency) so that you can respond quickly.
I guess i am still skipping on how real time kernel address the pause? it just never pauses or it no longer needs to be paused?
as a side note, is this similar technology they use in high precision manufacturing?
Think of it like a club with a max capacity of 10 people, where some people have VIP cards. If a person with a VIP card wants to get into the club, the bouncer will kick out one of the people inside that doesn't have a VIP card to make space for them.
For a more technical explanation:
There are several processors on computers and each can be in use by 1 process at a time. Different processes can get different amounts of time based on their priority (called niceness in Linux) and they'll be removed from the processor once their time is up until their next share of time.
On a real-time kernel some processes are marked as real-time (certain range of niceness values, can't remember the exact range). If a process that is real-time says it needs some processor time, a process that isn't real-time that's currently running will be immediately ripped off the processor to make room for the real-time process.
Alright, this landed!
When hardware has data ready for a program it generates an interrupt that lets the OS know that there is data ready for an application. My understanding is that real-time OSs give high priority to interrupts so that they're processed quickly - usually within a fixed period of time (e.g. they may have a max time between interrupt and processing).
In those cases it may be more likely they use a micro-controller that doesn't run any OS at all - at least not a multi-tasking one. If you're just running a single program you don't need to worry about latency due to other applications running.
An alternative definition: a real-time system is a system where the correctness of the computation depends on a deadline. For example, if I have a drone checking "with my current location + velocity will I crash into the wall in 5 seconds?", the answer will be worthless if the system responds 10 seconds later.
A real-time kernel is an operating system that makes it easier to build such systems. The main difference is that they offer lower latency than a usual OS for your one critical program. The OS will try to give that program as much priority as it wants (to the detriment of everything else) and immediately handle all signals ASAP (instead of coalescing/combining them to reduce overhead)
Linux has real-time priority scheduling as an optional feature. Lowering latency does not always result in reduced overhead or higher throughout. This allows system builders to design RT systems (such as audio processing systems, robots, drones, etc) to utilize these features without annoying the hell out of everyone else.
Basically tasks have a tight window of execution latency guarantee (although they can exceed that as Linux is not a deterministic hard realtime kernel)
This means potentially lower performance and other losses but it provides very low latency, which is useful for some tasks that need low latency due to their nature like high quality professional audio
Music recording? Idk