The write process with dd most likely worked just fine. However, the system you're inserting it into probably doesn't know what to do with it.
- is the architecture the same? Most Android devices are ARM-based, which is not compatible with, for example i386 or x86_64 (a.k.a. amd64)
- Is the boot method compatible? I don't know the boot process of android devices, but it's probably not UEFI.